Our ultrasonic observation system uses ultrasonic sensors (see figures 1 and 2) embedded in the environment to 1) track the location of people’s heads using a radar method, and 2) track the location of objects using a tag method. Because ultrasound is used to make the measurements, the only information collected from the subject is distance information used for calculating location and information about three-dimensional position that can be derived from that distance information. It can be said that this design gives the system a 3rd function, that of minimizing invasion of privacy at the sensor level.
Figure 1:Ultrasonic Sensor System Figure 2:System Configuration
This function uses small ultrasound transmitters (65 × 44 × 20, two-week battery) called tags (see figure 3). These tags emit ultrasound signals which are received by a group of ultrasound receivers that are embedded in the environment (in walls and ceilings). The system then uses these signals to calculate the three-dimensional locations of the tags. Average error = 30 mm. Resolution = 5 mm.
Figure 3:Ultrasonic Tag
This function uses a group of ultrasound transmitters and a group of ultrasound
receivers, both of which are embedded in the ceiling. Ultrasound signals emitted
from the ultrasound transmitters are reflected off the subject (a person’s
head) before being received by the group of ultrasound receivers. The system
then uses these signals to calculate the three-dimensional location of the
subject (see figure 4). Average error = 54 mm. Resolution = 145 mm.
Figure 4:Tracking Position of Human Head
Figure 5 shows the results of an experiment in which the radar and tag functions were used to simultaneously track a person and an object. The tag was attached to a wheelchair and used to track its location. The red markings in the photographs show the location and path of the person as determined by the radar function, while the white markings show the location and path of the object (wheelchair) as determined by the tag function.
Figure 5:Experiment by Ultrasonic Sensor System
Figure 6:Tag Trajectory.
Figure 7: Number of trips to the toilet and the
number of times the patient got out of bed over 24 hours, as well as the circumstantial
probability that the patient will go to the toilet when they get out of bed
References